(Parte I) Da Teologia Cristã do Séc I aos Nacionalismos na Europa
O Solo Sagrado - a Dimensão Teológica Islâmica
As Raízes Europeias do Conflito - a Dimensão Cristã
Das Revoluções Liberais ao Nacionalismo - a Dimensão Política.
O Testemunho da Pedra - a Dimensão Documental dos Factos Históricos
Bibliografia Consultada
Para dar "qualidade e
referências" a este estudo, consultei as seguintes obras de referência:
- BENSOUSSAN,
George. As Origens do Conflito Israelo-Árabe (1870-1950).
Lisboa: Editora Guerra & Paz, 2009.
(Preferi esta edição de Portugal, por ser-me a mais acessível do que a edição original no idioma francês). - ARENDT,
Hannah. Origens do Totalitarismo: Antissemitismo, Imperialismo,
Totalitarismo. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1989.
(Nota: No Brasil, o volume que contém "A Origem do Antissemitismo Moderno" é publicado pela Companhia das Letras). - HERZL,
Theodor. O Estado Judeu. Lisboa: Antígona, 2009.
(Preferi esta edição de Portugal, por ser a mais atual e acessível no idioma). - MORRIS,
Benny. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
(Nota: Não existe edição portuguesa deste título específico. A obra do autor publicada no Brasil é "Um Estado, Dois Estados", pela Editora Sêfer que irei consultar para a segunda parte da introdução). - ROSS,
Dennis. The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for
Middle East Peace. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004.
(Nota: Permanece a edição original em inglês, pois não há tradução para o português no Brasil ou em Portugal até o momento). - YE'OR,
Bat. The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. London:
Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985.
(Nota: Obra sem tradução para o português; utiliza-se a referência internacional padrão).
The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Tragedy of Overlapping Layers (Part I)
It is a common misconception that the conflict in the Middle East began in 1948. However, an analytical examination of history reveals a millennia-old tragedy, where theological and political strata have overlapped to create the current impasse. To comprehend the present, one must excavate the past—from Rome to Modern Europe, and from Christian dogma to Islamic orthodoxy.
Sacred Soil – The Islamic Theological Dimension
Islam emerged in 622 CE (7th century) through the Prophet Muhammad, presenting a world-view that divides the globe into a binary structure: Dar al-Islam (the House of Islam), which is inseparable from the concept of Waqf (an inalienable sacred endowment), and Dar al-Harb (the House of War), representing the world yet to be converted or conquered. Consequently, within Islamic orthodoxy, the existence of Israel is perceived as a desecration or a sacrilege of soil that has been rendered sacred.
According to traditional doctrine, once a land has been integrated into Dar al-Islam, it must belong to that sphere in perpetuity. The establishment of a non-Muslim state on land that was governed by Islam for centuries—from the conquest by Umar in the 7th century, notwithstanding the interval of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem (later reconquered from the Crusaders on 2 October 1187 by the Muslim leader Saladin)—is viewed as an unacceptable regression. In the Qur'anic tradition, Jews and other "infidels", including Christians, were expected to live under the status of dhimmis (protected but subordinated minorities). These concepts form the religious foundation of the confrontation.
The European Roots of the Conflict – The Christian Dimension
Nevertheless, the modern problem has deep roots in Europe. Whilst the Islamic dimension presented the obstacle of sacred soil, the European Christian dimension was dominated by the dogma of Deicide. The Roman Empire initiated the forced Diaspora and the renaming of Judaea to Palestine. From the reign of Constantine onwards (who, notably, was not baptised at the time), the Christian religion was officialised. Subsequent councils initiated the institutional marginalisation of the Jews, most notably through "Replacement Theology" (Supersessionism). This doctrine posited that because the Jews had killed Jesus and failed to recognise him as the Messiah, they had ceased to be God’s chosen people in the Christian view. This element served as the fundamental basis for anti-Semitism in Christian Europe.
Over the centuries, this exclusion manifested in violent forms: mass expulsions (as seen in medieval England and France), the terror of the Inquisition in the Iberian Peninsula, and the bloody pogroms in Eastern Europe and Russia. Added to this pressure was the Jewish dimension itself—the resilience of the Jewish people in preserving their distinct identity, ethnicity, religion, and culture, which maintained them as a separate people, not only through scattered communities worldwide but also through the imposition of ghettos.
From Liberal Revolutions to Nationalism – The Political Dimension
With the rise of nation-states resulting from the liberal revolutions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries—the fruit of the French Revolution—Jews began to be perceived as the "alien element". Europe, in an endemic fashion, yearned to rid itself of its Jewish population. To fuel this animosity, propaganda tools emerged, such as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a forgery by the Tsarist secret police designed to blame Jews for social unrest. When the attempt at integration via the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) failed in the face of this systemic anti-Semitism, Zionism was born. This movement of self-determination was, ultimately and tragically, validated by the Holocaust. This was the culmination of an exclusion that led to the creation of ghettos in Eastern Europe during the Nazi occupation, where hundreds of thousands—as in the case of Warsaw—were crowded into subhuman conditions of starvation and disease within areas of just 3 km², transforming historic neighbourhoods into antechambers for extermination. Thus, Zionism was not merely an ideology or an optional choice, but the sole recourse to a profoundly European problem, given its historical and geographical origins.
The Testimony of Stone – The Documentary Dimension of Historical Facts
The image illustrating this reflection is that of the Arch of Titus in Rome. It serves as a historical testimony to the Roman-Jewish War. There, etched in stone, lies the proof that the past of two thousand years ago has never ceased to be present in the modern day.
It remains for me to state that I possess neither the competence to resolve the conflict nor the pretension to take sides as if it were a game. Rather, I am driven by a desire for peace and an effort to understand the roots of this confrontation. I seek to ground my perspective in concrete historical data rather than ideological narratives that ignore factual truth.
Consulted Bibliography
To provide academic rigour and references to this study, the following seminal works were consulted:
BENSOUSSAN, George. As Origens do Conflito Israelo-Árabe (1870-1950). Lisbon: Editora Guerra & Paz, 2009. (The Portuguese edition was preferred due to its accessibility over the original French).
ARENDT, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism: Antisemitism, Imperialism, Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1951. (Note: In Brazil, the volume containing "The Origins of Modern Antisemitism" is published by Companhia das Letras).
HERZL, Theodor. The Jewish State (Der Judenstaat). 1896. (The 2009 Portuguese edition by Antígona, Lisbon, was utilised for this study).
MORRIS, Benny. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. (Note: No Portuguese edition of this specific title exists; the author's work One State, Two States is available via Editora Sêfer).
ROSS, Dennis. The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004. (Original English edition consulted as no Portuguese translation is currently available).
YE'OR, Bat. The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985. (Consulted via the standard international reference).
This article continues in Part II, currently in preparation. Expected within one to two weeks.
sexta-feira, abril 17, 2026
Filipe de Freitas Leal
%20(1).png)

Posted in:
0 comentários:
Enviar um comentário