A Origem do Conflito Israelo-Árabe!
Muitas vezes acredita-se que o conflito no Médio Oriente teve início em 1948. No entanto, um olhar atento à história revela que esta é, na verdade, uma tragédia de milénios, onde camadas teológicas e políticas se sobrepuseram.
Solidariedade é a essencia da Justiça Social
Para que uma sociedade se desenvolva em justiça social é fundamental a cultura da solidariedade.
terça-feira, 1 de janeiro de 2008
Anne Frank - A Voz que Superou o Silêncio e o seu Legado Universal
Pereira de Moura um Professor na Resistência
Na
sequência da Revolução de 25 de Abril de 1974, Francisco Pereira de Moura
representou o Movimento Democrático Português (MDP/CDE) como ministro sem pasta
no primeiro governo provisório de Adelino da Palma Carlos e no terceiro governo
provisório, e foi ministro dos assuntos sociais no quinto governo provisório de
Vasco Gonçalves,[1][2] retirando-se no entanto da vida política, com a
normalização da situação política e económica em Portugal, regressando ao ensino superior, em Portugal e também no estrangeiro, nomeadamente em Moçambique, deixando vasta obra técnica na área da
Economia, dentre os quais o seu famoso livro "Lições de Economia", lançado pela Editora Livraria Medina.Referências
- ↑ a b c d Louçã, Francisco (Abril de 1999). Francisco Pereira de Moura: the founder of modern economics in Portugal - 1925-1998 (em inglês). American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Página visitada em 4 de Dezembro de 2010.
- ↑ a b c Biografia de Francisco Pereira de Moura. netsaber.com.br. Página visitada em 4 de Dezembro de 2010.
Sobre o Autor
Filipe de Freitas Leal nasceu em Lisboa, em 1964, estudou Serviço Social pelo Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa. Estagiou como Técnico de Intervenção Social numa Instituição vocacionada à reinserção social de ex-reclusos e apoio a famílias em vulnerabilidade social, é blogger desde 2007, de cariz humanista, também dedica-se a outros blogs de temas diversos.
Sociologia, o que é? Conceitos Globais e os Pioneiros em Portugal
- Adérito Sedas Nunes (1928–1991): Reconhecido consensualmente como o pioneiro e "pai fundador" da Sociologia científica em Portugal. Foi o criador do Gabinete de Investigações Sociais (GIS) e o mentor da revista Análise Social, introduzindo as metodologias empíricas que permitiram o estudo moderno do atraso socio-económico e da estrutura de classes nacional sob o regime ditatorial.
- António Barreto (1942–presente): Uma das figuras de maior relevância na consolidação democrática e na análise social portuguesa. Exilado na Suíça até 1974, doutorou-se em Genebra e, no regresso, notabilizou-se pelos estudos seminais sobre a reforma agrária, os indicadores sociais, o desenvolvimento do Estado-Providência e a coordenação de grandes levantamentos estatísticos sobre o Portugal contemporâneo.
- João Bettencourt da Câmara (1948–2015): Importante professor catedrático do Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas (ISCSP). Foi director do Centro de Estudos Sociológicos do ISCSP, destacando-se na formação de gerações de sociólogos e em investigações focadas na sociologia política, cidadania e governabilidade.
- Maria de Lurdes Fonseca (ISCSP - Universidade de Lisboa): Doutora e investigadora com forte contributo na consolidação académica da disciplina. Destaca-se de forma pioneira nos campos da Sociologia das Profissões e da Sociologia Militar, através de estudos profundos sobre a profissionalização e as dinâmicas de recrutamento social no exército, tendo-se especializado em biologia, como complemento à sociobiologia.
- José Pereira Coutinho (CITER - Universidade Católica Portuguesa): Uma das principais referências contemporâneas na Sociologia da Religião em Portugal. Destaca-se pelas suas extensas análises quantitativas sobre os índices de religiosidade, as dinâmicas de secularização e o mapeamento das minorias religiosas no país.
- António Firmino da Costa (ISCTE-IUL): Uma das maiores referências na análise teórica e prática de classes sociais, desigualdades estruturais e identidades culturais na sociedade portuguesa contemporânea.
- João Teixeira Lopes (Universidade do Porto): Antigo presidente da Associação Portuguesa de Sociologia (APS), destaca-se profundamente nos campos da sociologia da cultura e do impacto das práticas artísticas na inclusão social.
- Cristina Roldão (SOCIUS / CSG / ISEG): Nome de referência nos estudos contemporâneos sobre racismo institucional, discriminação e percursos escolares de minorias étnico-raciais e afro-descendentes em Portugal.
- Anália Torres (ISCSP - Universidade de Lisboa): Fundadora e directora do CIEG (Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudos de Género), pioneira nas vozes nacionais sobre igualdade de género, violência doméstica, casamentos e dinâmicas familiares.
1 - Concept and Subject of Study
Sociology is a science that, alongside other social and human
sciences, studies the Human Being as a social being regarding social
interactions. In other words, it seeks to explain human behavior in the
formation, maintenance, and organization of the entire social structure,
analyzing the relationship of dual influence between man and society.
2 - Historical Origin and Etymology
Initially termed "Social Physics" by Auguste Comte
(who had been Saint-Simon's secretary), the discipline was profoundly marked by
the social consequences of the French and Industrial Revolutions, which
overthrew the political, social, and economic structure of the Ancien Régime.
Subsequently, Comte reformulated the discipline and renamed it Sociology. The
etymology of the word comes from the Latin Socius (association/group)
and the Greek Logos (λόγος - study or word).
The beginning of Positivist Philosophy and the course that
Comte proposed to undertake created the conditions for the emergence of the
beginnings of this science. Before passing away, Comte also founded the
Positivist Religion, which still holds historical legacies in Brazil and
France.
3 - Academic Consolidation and the Classics
However, it was with the Frenchman Émile Durkheim that the
theoretical and scientific foundations of Sociology were laid, allowing its
acceptance into the academic canon. Durkheim was the first official professor
of the discipline, which soon received major contributions from the German Max
Weber and the British Herbert Spencer, enriching the initial theoretical body.
Since its global foundation as a science, Sociology has
undergone countless influences from historical, economic, and cultural
circumstances that shaped social structures — its subject of study. Many of the
great names in the field were also philosophers, economists, psychologists, or
anthropologists. As a multidisciplinary science, it absorbs data from Political
Science, Psychology, Anthropology, and Economics, while simultaneously serving
as a foundation for related disciplines, such as Social Work. In this sense,
thinkers like Karl Marx, Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, and Georg Simmel made
fundamental contributions to the development of its various currents of
thought. Among the currents that most marked Sociology, the following stand
out: Symbolic Interactionism (from the Chicago School, emphasizing
microsociology and strongly influencing Social Psychology); Functionalism
(which argues that each institution fulfills a function analogous to the organs
of a living organism); Structuralism (focused on the underlying rules and
languages that shape culture); and Conflict Theory (centered on power struggles
and class divisions).
4 - The Emergence of Sociology in Portugal
In the Portuguese context, the full development and
institutionalization of Sociology were umbilically linked to the achievement of
democracy. During the Estado Novo dictatorship, independent social research was
stifled by censorship and viewed with deep suspicion by the authoritarian
regime. Despite these severe ideological constraints, the pre-history of
scientific sociology in the country had its pioneering milestone in the 1960s
with Adérito Sedas Nunes, considered the "founding father" of
Portuguese Sociology. Sedas Nunes founded the Bureau of Social Research (GIS)
and the prestigious journal Análise Social, opening cracks in the regime
by introducing empirical scientific methods to analyze the class structure and
the country's socio-economic backwardness. Alongside him, pioneering research
in demographic analysis, planning, and demographic-social statistics — marked
by the influence of researchers like Bettencourt — began to draw the empirical
skeleton of the national reality.
It was, however, with the Revolution of April 25, 1974, that
the true explosion and academic consolidation of the discipline occurred. The
return of exiled intellectuals trained abroad made it possible to map the
profound mutations of the new democratic society. Among these names, António
Barreto stands out. Trained at the University of Geneva, his studies on
agrarian reform, social indicators, justice, and the development of the Welfare
State in Portugal became pillars for understanding the country's modernization.
Concurrently, Boaventura de Sousa Santos, working from the University of
Coimbra and the Center for Social Studies (CES), projected Portuguese sociology
internationally. Through his monumental work on the sociology of law, the
State, and, later, with the theoretical formulation of the "Epistemologies
of the South," Boaventura was responsible for proposing a profound
critique of Eurocentrism and new paths for global social emancipation. From the
1970s and 1980s onward, this theoretical body drove the creation of the first
degree programs at reference institutions such as ISCTE and the Nova University
of Lisbon, transforming Sociology into a vital scientific instrument for the
diagnosis and formulation of public policies in contemporary Portugal.
The evolution of Sociology in Portugal currently constitutes a
dynamic and branched landscape across important areas of specialization.
Whether through the historical legacy of its founders or the active production
of research centers, the most influential names for understanding this science
in the national space are structured as follows:
- Adérito
Sedas Nunes (1928–1991): Consensually recognized as
the pioneer and "founding father" of scientific Sociology in
Portugal. He was the creator of the Bureau of Social Research (GIS) and
the mentor of the journal Análise Social, introducing the empirical
methodologies that allowed the modern study of socio-economic backwardness
and the national class structure under the dictatorial regime.
- António
Barreto (1942–present): One of the most relevant
figures in democratic consolidation and Portuguese social analysis. Exiled
in Switzerland until 1974, he earned his doctorate in Geneva and, upon his
return, became noted for his seminal studies on agrarian reform, social
indicators, the development of the Welfare State, and the coordination of
major statistical surveys on contemporary Portugal.
- João
Bettencourt da Câmara (1948–2015): An important full professor
at the Higher Institute of Social and Political Sciences (ISCSP). He was
the director of the Center for Sociological Studies at ISCSP,
distinguishing himself in training generations of sociologists and in
research focused on political sociology, citizenship, and governability.
- Maria
de Lurdes Fonseca (ISCSP - University of Lisbon):
Doctor and researcher with a strong contribution to the academic
consolidation of the discipline. She stands out in a pioneering way in the
fields of Sociology of Professions and Military Sociology, through deep
studies on professionalization and the dynamics of social recruitment in
the army, having specialized in biology as a complement to sociobiology.
- José
Pereira Coutinho (CITER - Catholic University of Portugal): One
of the main contemporary references in the Sociology of Religion in
Portugal. He stands out for his extensive quantitative analyses of
religiosity indices, secularization dynamics, and the mapping of religious
minorities in the country.
- António
Firmino da Costa (ISCTE-IUL): One of the greatest
references in the theoretical and practical analysis of social classes,
structural inequalities, and cultural identities in contemporary
Portuguese society.
- João
Teixeira Lopes (University of Porto): Former president of
the Portuguese Sociological Association (APS), he stands out deeply in the
fields of the sociology of culture and the impact of artistic practices on
social inclusion.
- Cristina
Roldão (SOCIUS / CSG / ISEG): A reference name in
contemporary studies on institutional racism, discrimination, and the
educational pathways of ethnic-racial minorities and Afro-descendants in
Portugal.
- Anália Torres (ISCSP - University of Lisbon): Founder and director of CIEG (Interdisciplinary Center for Gender Studies), a pioneer among national voices on gender equality, domestic violence, marriages, and family dynamics.
Sobre o Autor | About the Author
PT Filipe de Freitas Leal
nasceu em Lisboa (Portugal), em 1964, é licenciado em Serviço Social pelo ISCSP (Universidade de Lisboa) e pós-graduado em Políticas Públicas e Desigualdades Sociais pela Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Na sua trajetória profissional, destaca-se o estágio em reinserção social de ex-reclusos e o apoio a famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade. No mundo digital, é blogger desde 2007, atuou como ilustrador, editor e autor, conta já com oito livros publicados em áreas distintas, que vão desde o Serviço Social, Poesia até à Ciência Política, escreve artigos sobre atualidade política e conflitos geopolíticos.
EN Filipe de Freitas Leal was born in Lisbon in 1964. He holds a degree in Social Work from ISCSP (University of Lisbon) and a postgraduate degree in Public Policy and Social Inequalities. He also attended a Master’s program in Sociology at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (Universidade Nova de Lisboa). His professional background includes social reintegration of former inmates and support for families in situations of social vulnerability. A blogger since 2007, he has acted as an illustrator and independent editor, with eight published books ranging from Social Work and Poetry to Political Science. He currently writes about political current affairs and geopolitical conflicts.
PT Filipe de Freitas Leal
nasceu em Lisboa (Portugal), em 1964, é licenciado em Serviço Social pelo ISCSP (Universidade de Lisboa) e pós-graduado em Políticas Públicas e Desigualdades Sociais pela Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Na sua trajetória profissional, destaca-se o estágio em reinserção social de ex-reclusos e o apoio a famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade. No mundo digital, é blogger desde 2007, atuou como ilustrador, editor e autor, conta já com oito livros publicados em áreas distintas, que vão desde o Serviço Social, Poesia até à Ciência Política, escreve artigos sobre atualidade política e conflitos geopolíticos.
EN Filipe de Freitas Leal was born in Lisbon in 1964. He holds a degree in Social Work from ISCSP (University of Lisbon) and a postgraduate degree in Public Policy and Social Inequalities. He also attended a Master’s program in Sociology at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (Universidade Nova de Lisboa). His professional background includes social reintegration of former inmates and support for families in situations of social vulnerability. A blogger since 2007, he has acted as an illustrator and independent editor, with eight published books ranging from Social Work and Poetry to Political Science. He currently writes about political current affairs and geopolitical conflicts.
terça-feira, janeiro 01, 2008
Filipe de Freitas Leal





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