
Muitas vezes acredita-se que o conflito no Médio Oriente teve início em 1948. No entanto, um olhar atento à história revela que esta é, na verdade, uma tragédia de milénios, onde camadas teológicas e políticas se sobrepuseram.
Para que uma sociedade se desenvolva em justiça social é fundamental a cultura da solidariedade.

1 - Concept and Subject of Study
Sociology is a science that, alongside other social and human
sciences, studies the Human Being as a social being regarding social
interactions. In other words, it seeks to explain human behavior in the
formation, maintenance, and organization of the entire social structure,
analyzing the relationship of dual influence between man and society.
2 - Historical Origin and Etymology
Initially termed "Social Physics" by Auguste Comte
(who had been Saint-Simon's secretary), the discipline was profoundly marked by
the social consequences of the French and Industrial Revolutions, which
overthrew the political, social, and economic structure of the Ancien Régime.
Subsequently, Comte reformulated the discipline and renamed it Sociology. The
etymology of the word comes from the Latin Socius (association/group)
and the Greek Logos (λόγος - study or word).
The beginning of Positivist Philosophy and the course that
Comte proposed to undertake created the conditions for the emergence of the
beginnings of this science. Before passing away, Comte also founded the
Positivist Religion, which still holds historical legacies in Brazil and
France.
3 - Academic Consolidation and the Classics
However, it was with the Frenchman Émile Durkheim that the
theoretical and scientific foundations of Sociology were laid, allowing its
acceptance into the academic canon. Durkheim was the first official professor
of the discipline, which soon received major contributions from the German Max
Weber and the British Herbert Spencer, enriching the initial theoretical body.
Since its global foundation as a science, Sociology has
undergone countless influences from historical, economic, and cultural
circumstances that shaped social structures — its subject of study. Many of the
great names in the field were also philosophers, economists, psychologists, or
anthropologists. As a multidisciplinary science, it absorbs data from Political
Science, Psychology, Anthropology, and Economics, while simultaneously serving
as a foundation for related disciplines, such as Social Work. In this sense,
thinkers like Karl Marx, Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, and Georg Simmel made
fundamental contributions to the development of its various currents of
thought. Among the currents that most marked Sociology, the following stand
out: Symbolic Interactionism (from the Chicago School, emphasizing
microsociology and strongly influencing Social Psychology); Functionalism
(which argues that each institution fulfills a function analogous to the organs
of a living organism); Structuralism (focused on the underlying rules and
languages that shape culture); and Conflict Theory (centered on power struggles
and class divisions).
4 - The Emergence of Sociology in Portugal
In the Portuguese context, the full development and
institutionalization of Sociology were umbilically linked to the achievement of
democracy. During the Estado Novo dictatorship, independent social research was
stifled by censorship and viewed with deep suspicion by the authoritarian
regime. Despite these severe ideological constraints, the pre-history of
scientific sociology in the country had its pioneering milestone in the 1960s
with Adérito Sedas Nunes, considered the "founding father" of
Portuguese Sociology. Sedas Nunes founded the Bureau of Social Research (GIS)
and the prestigious journal Análise Social, opening cracks in the regime
by introducing empirical scientific methods to analyze the class structure and
the country's socio-economic backwardness. Alongside him, pioneering research
in demographic analysis, planning, and demographic-social statistics — marked
by the influence of researchers like Bettencourt — began to draw the empirical
skeleton of the national reality.
It was, however, with the Revolution of April 25, 1974, that
the true explosion and academic consolidation of the discipline occurred. The
return of exiled intellectuals trained abroad made it possible to map the
profound mutations of the new democratic society. Among these names, António
Barreto stands out. Trained at the University of Geneva, his studies on
agrarian reform, social indicators, justice, and the development of the Welfare
State in Portugal became pillars for understanding the country's modernization.
Concurrently, Boaventura de Sousa Santos, working from the University of
Coimbra and the Center for Social Studies (CES), projected Portuguese sociology
internationally. Through his monumental work on the sociology of law, the
State, and, later, with the theoretical formulation of the "Epistemologies
of the South," Boaventura was responsible for proposing a profound
critique of Eurocentrism and new paths for global social emancipation. From the
1970s and 1980s onward, this theoretical body drove the creation of the first
degree programs at reference institutions such as ISCTE and the Nova University
of Lisbon, transforming Sociology into a vital scientific instrument for the
diagnosis and formulation of public policies in contemporary Portugal.
The evolution of Sociology in Portugal currently constitutes a
dynamic and branched landscape across important areas of specialization.
Whether through the historical legacy of its founders or the active production
of research centers, the most influential names for understanding this science
in the national space are structured as follows:
PT Filipe de Freitas Leal
nasceu em Lisboa (Portugal), em 1964, é licenciado em Serviço Social pelo ISCSP (Universidade de Lisboa) e pós-graduado em Políticas Públicas e Desigualdades Sociais pela Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Na sua trajetória profissional, destaca-se o estágio em reinserção social de ex-reclusos e o apoio a famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade. No mundo digital, é blogger desde 2007, atuou como ilustrador, editor e autor, conta já com oito livros publicados em áreas distintas, que vão desde o Serviço Social, Poesia até à Ciência Política, escreve artigos sobre atualidade política e conflitos geopolíticos.
EN Filipe de Freitas Leal was born in Lisbon in 1964. He holds a degree in Social Work from ISCSP (University of Lisbon) and a postgraduate degree in Public Policy and Social Inequalities. He also attended a Master’s program in Sociology at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (Universidade Nova de Lisboa). His professional background includes social reintegration of former inmates and support for families in situations of social vulnerability. A blogger since 2007, he has acted as an illustrator and independent editor, with eight published books ranging from Social Work and Poetry to Political Science. He currently writes about political current affairs and geopolitical conflicts.
PT Filipe de Freitas Leal nasceu em Lisboa (Portugal), em 1964, é licenciado em Serviço Social pelo ISCSP (Universidade de Lisboa) e pós-graduado em Políticas Públicas e Desigualdades Sociais pela Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Na sua trajetória profissional, destaca-se o estágio em reinserção social de ex-reclusos e o apoio a famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade. No mundo digital, é blogger desde 2007, atuou como ilustrador, editor e autor, conta já com oito livros publicados em áreas distintas, que vão desde o Serviço Social, Poesia até à Ciência Política, escreve artigos sobre atualidade política e conflitos geopolíticos.
EN Filipe de Freitas Leal was born in Lisbon in 1964. He holds a degree in Social Work from ISCSP (University of Lisbon) and a postgraduate degree in Public Policy and Social Inequalities. He also attended a Master’s program in Sociology at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (Universidade Nova de Lisboa). His professional background includes social reintegration of former inmates and support for families in situations of social vulnerability. A blogger since 2007, he has acted as an illustrator and independent editor, with eight published books ranging from Social Work and Poetry to Political Science. He currently writes about political current affairs and geopolitical conflicts.
Foi como muitos dos grande homens perseguidos
na ditadura fascista, que foi reconhecido o valor da sua obra pelo seu país e
pelo seu povo, tendo sido condecorado postumamente com duas grandes distinções
ao mérito, uma delas a "Ordem da Liberdade".Blog de cariz humanista, com artigos sobre serviço social, solidariedade, filosofia, política, cultura, artes, trabalhos académicos. O Logotipo do Blog, representa o movimento e a centralidade que Humanidade deve ter nas questões sociais.
